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Alaska
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation).
State of Alaska
(Flag of Alaska) (Seal of Alaska)

State nickname: The Last Frontier, The Land of the Midnight Sun

Other U.S. States
Capital Juneau
Largest city Anchorage
Governor Frank Murkowski (R)
Official languages English
Area 1,067,653 mi² / 1,717,854 km² (1st)
- Land 1,481,347 km²
- Water 236,507 km² (13.77%)
Population (2000)
- Population 626,932 (48th)
- Density 0.42 /km² (50th)
Admission into Union
- Date January 3, 1959
- Order 49th
Time zone Alaska: UTC-9/-8
Aleutian: UTC-10/-9 (west of 169° 30')
Latitude 54°40'N to 71°50'N
Longitude 130°W to 173°E
Width 1,300 km
Length 2,380 km
Elevation
- Highest point 6,194 m
- Mean 3,060 m
- Lowest point 0 m
Abbreviations
- USPS AK
- ISO 3166-2 US-AK (FIPS Code 02)
Web site www.state.ak.us
The Last Frontier
State bird Willow Ptarmigan
State land mammal Moose
State marine mammal Bowhead Whale
State fish King Salmon
State insect Skimmer Dragonfly
State flower Forget-me-not
(Myosotis alpestris)
State motto "North To The Future"
State song "Alaska's Flag"
State tree Sitka Spruce
State fossil Wooly Mammoth
State gem Jade
State sport Dog Mushing
Alaska is the 49th state of the United States. It was admitted on January 3, 1959. The population of the state is 626,932, as of 2000. The name "Alaska" is most likely derived from the Aleut word for "great country" or "mainland." The natives called it "Alyeska," meaning "the great land." It is bordered by Yukon Territory and British Columbia, Canada to the east, the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and Chukchi Sea to the west, and the Beaufort Sea and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Alaska is the largest state by area in the United States.

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Politics
3 Geography
4 Boroughs and census areas
5 Economy
6 Transportation
7 Demographics
7.1 Race and ancestry
7.2 Religion
8 Social issues
9 Notable Alaskans
10 Books about Alaska
11 Important cities and towns
11.1 25 richest places in Alaska
12 Colleges and universities
13 External links
13.1 Political parties

[edit]
History
Main article: History of AlaskaAlaska was probably first settled by humans who came there across the Bering Land Bridge. Eventually, Alaska became populated by the Inuit and a variety of Native American groups. Most, if not all, of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas probably took this route and continued further south and east.The first written accounts indicate that the first Europeans to reach Alaska came from Russia. Vitus Bering sailed east and saw Mt. St. Elias. The Russian-American Company hunted otters for their fur. The colony was never very profitable, because of the costs of transportation.At the instigation of U.S. Secretary of State William Seward, the United States Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 (approximately $90,750,000 in 2005 dollars, adjusted for inflation) on 9 April 1867, and the United States flag was raised on 18 October of that same year (now called Alaska Day). Coincident with the ownership change, the de facto International Date Line was moved westward, and Alaska changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. Therefore, for residents, Friday, October 6, 1867 was followed by Friday, October 18, 1867; two Fridays in a row because of the date line shift.The first American administrator of Alaska was Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski. The purchase was not popular in the contiguous United States, where Alaska became known as "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox." Alaska celebrates the purchase each year on the last Monday of March, calling it Seward's Day. After the purchase of Alaska between 1867 and 1884 the name was changed to the Department of Alaska. Between 1884 and 1912 it was called the district of Alaska.President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Act into United States law on 7 July 1958 which paved the way for Alaska's admission into the Union on January 3, 1959.Alaska suffered one of the worst earthquakes in recorded North American history on Good Friday 1964 (see Good Friday Earthquake).In 1976, the people of Alaska amended the state's constitution, establishing the Alaska Permanent Fund. The fund invests a portion of the state's mineral revenue, including revenue from the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System, "to benefit all generations of Alaskans." In March 2005, the fund's value was over $30 billion.Prior to 1983, the state lay across four different time zones—Pacific Standard Time (UTC -8 hours) in the extreme southeast, a small area of Yukon Standard Time (UTC -9 hours) around Juneau, Alaska–Hawaii Standard Time (UTC -10 hours) in the Anchorage and Fairbanks vicinity, with the Nome area and most of the Aleutian Islands observing Bering Standard Time (UTC -11 hours). In 1983 the number of time zones was reduced to two, with the entire mainland plus the inner Aleutian Islands going to UTC -9 hours (and this zone then being renamed Alaska Standard Time as the Yukon Territory had several years earlier (circa 1975) adopted a single time zone identical to Pacific Standard Time), and the remaining Aleutian Islands were slotted into the UTC −10 hours zone, which was then renamed Hawaii–Aleutian Standard Time.Over the years various vessels have been named USS Alaska, in honor of the state.During World War II three of the outer Aleutian Islands—Attu, Agattu and Kiska—were occupied by Japanese troops. It was the only part of the United States to have land occupied during the war.[edit]
Politics
Alaska, full of proud and independent individuals, is often characterized as a hybrid Republican state with strong Libertarian leanings. Local political communities often work on issues related to land use development, fishing, tourism, and individual rights as many residents are proud of their rough Alaskan heritage.Alaska Natives, while organized in and around their communities, are often active within the Native corporations which have been given ownership over large tracts of land, and thus need to deliberate resource conservation and development issues.In presidential elections, the state's electoral college votes have been most often won by a Republican nominee. Only once has Alaska supported a Democrat nominee (Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964), although the 1960 and 1968 elections were close and Alaska was considered a swing state in those elections. President George W. Bush won the state's electoral votes in 2004 by a margin of 25 percentage points with 61.1% of the vote. Juneau stands out as an area that supports Democratic candidates.[edit]
Geography
Alaska is the only state that is both in North America and not part of the 48 contiguous states; about 500 miles (800 kilometers) of Canadian territory separate Alaska from Washington. (It is thus an exclave.) Alaska is the largest state in the United States in terms of land area, 570,374 square miles (1,477,261 km²). If a map of Alaska were superimposed upon a map of the Lower 48 states, Alaska would overlap Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico and Colorado.One scheme for describing the state's geography is by labeling the regions:South Central Alaska is the southern coastal region and is the population center for the state. The Municipality of Anchorage and many small but growing towns (Palmer, Wasilla, etc.) lie within this area. Petroleum industrial plants, transportation, tourism, and two military bases form the core of the economy here.
The Alaska Panhandle, also known as Southeast Alaska, is home to Juneau, many small towns, tidewater glaciers and extensive forests. Tourism, forestry and state government anchor the economy.
The Alaska Interior is home to Fairbanks. The geography is marked by large braided rivers, such as the Yukon River and the Kuskokwim River, as well as Arctic tundra lands and shorelines. The University of Alaska Fairbanks, two military bases, tourism, and the Alaska Petroleum pipeline form the core of the economy.
The Alaskan Bush is the remote, uncrowded part of the state, encompassing native villages and small towns such as Nome.
Alaska, with its numerous islands, has nearly 34,000 miles (54,700 km) of tidal shoreline. The island chain extending west from the southern tip of Alaska is called the Aleutian Islands. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians. For example, Unimak Island is home to Mount Shishaldin, a moderately active volcano that rises to 9,980 ft (3,042 m) above sea level. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland.North America's second largest tides occur in Turnagain Arm just south of Anchorage, which often sees tidal differences of more than 30 feet.
Map of Alaska - PDF
Alaska is the westernmost state in the Union. The Aleutian Islands actually cross longitude 180°, although the International Date Line doglegs around them to keep the whole state in the same day.According to the October 1998 report of the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. Federal Government as national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres, or 23.8% of the state. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.Of the remaining land area, the State of Alaska owns 24.5%; another 10% is managed by thirteen regional and dozens of local Native corporations created under ANCSA. Various private interests own the remaining land, totaling less than 1%.See: List of Alaska rivers[edit]
Boroughs and census areas
Alaska has no counties in the sense used in the rest of the country. Instead, the state is divided into 27 census areas and boroughs. The difference between boroughs and census areas is that boroughs have an organized area-wide government, while census areas are artificial divisions defined by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only. Areas of the state not in organized boroughs compose what the government of Alaska calls the "unorganized borough". Borough-level government services in the "unorganized borough" are provided by the state itself.[edit]
Economy
The state's 2003 total gross state product was $31 billion. Its per-capita income for 2003 was $33,213, 14th in the nation. Alaska's main export is seafood. Agriculture represents only a fraction of the Alaska economy. Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and include nursery stock, dairy products, vegetables, and livestock. Manufacturing is limited, with most foodstuffs and general goods imported from elsewhere. Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in both Fairbanks and Anchorage. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector.The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than in the contiguous 48 states. This has changed for the most part in Anchorage and Fairbanks, where the cost of living is actually less than some major cities in the Lower 48, thanks to lower housing and transportation costs. The introduction of big-box stores in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau also did much to lower prices. However, rural Alaska suffers from extremely high prices for food and consumer goods, compared to the rest of the country due to the relatively limited transportation infrastructure. Many rural residents come in to these cities and purchase food and goods in bulk from warehouse clubs like Costco and Sam's Club. Some have embraced the free shipping offers of some online retailers to purchase items much more cheaply than they could in their own communities, if they are available at all.[edit]
Transportation
Alaska is arguably the least-connected state in terms of road transportation. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system. One unique feature of the road system is the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, which links the Seward Highway south of Anchorage with the relatively isolated community of Whittier. The tunnel is the longest road tunnel in North America at nearly 2.5 miles and combines a one-lane roadway and train tracks in the same housing. Consequently, eastbound traffic, westbound traffic, and the Alaska Railroad must share the tunnel, resulting in waits of 20 minutes or more to enter.The Alaska Railroad runs from Seward through Anchorage, Denali, and Fairbanks to North Pole, with spurs to Whittier and Palmer. The railroad is famous for its summertime passenger services but also plays a vital part in moving Alaska's natural resources, such as coal and gravel, to ports in Anchorage, Whittier and Seward. The Alaska Railroad is the only remaining railroad in North America to use cabooses on its freight trains. The route between Talkeetna and Hurricane (an area between Talkeetna and Denali) features the last remaining flag stop train service in the United States. A stretch of the track along an area inaccessible by road serves as the only transportation to cabins in the area. Residents board the train in Talkeetna and tell the conductor where they want to get off. When they want to come back to town, they wait by the side of the tracks and "flag" the train, giving the train its name.Most cities and villages in the state are accessible only by sea or air. Alaska has a well-developed ferry system, known as the Alaska Marine Highway, which serves the cities of Southeast and the Alaska Peninsula. The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington up the Inside Passage to Haines (several cruise companies offer cruises up the Inside Passage as well, with service all the way to Seward and Whittier). Cities not served by road or sea can only be reached by air, accounting for Alaska's extremely well-developed Bush air services—an Alaskan novelty.Anchorage itself, and to a lesser extent Fairbanks, are serviced by many major airlines. Air travel is the cheapest and most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (unofficial sources have estimated the numbers for 2004 at some four million tourists arriving in Alaska between May and September).However, Alaska Airlines has a virtual monopoly on jet air travel within the state—meaning airfares are extremely high. The airline offers frequent jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-200s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities. Smaller communities are served by the three main regional commuter airlines: Era Aviation, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered Bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. But perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the Bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and lots of items from stores and warehouse clubs.Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times, dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the most well known is the Iditarod, a 1,150-mile trail from Anchorage to Nome. The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash prizes and prestige.[edit]
Demographics
Historical populations
Census
year Population --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1960 226,167
1970 300,382
1980 401,851
1990 550,043
2000 626,932
As of 2003, the population of Alaska was 648,818.[edit]
Race and ancestry
The racial breakdown of the state is:67.6% White (Non-Hispanic)
15.6% Native American or Alaska Native
4.1% Hispanic
4% Asian
3.5% Black
5.4% Mixed race
The largest ancestry groups in the state are: German (16.6%), Alaska Native/American Indian (15.6%), Irish (10.8%), English (9.6%), American (5.7%), and Norwegian (4.2%). Alaska has the largest percentage of American Indians (16%) of any state.The vast, sparsely populated bush regions of northern and western Alaska are primarily inhabited by Alaska Natives. Anchorage, Fairbanks, and other parts of south-central and southeast Alaska have many whites of British and German ancestry. The Wrangell-Petersburg area has many residents of Scandinavian ancestry and the Aleutians have many Filipinos.As of 2000 85.7% of Alaska residents age 5 and older speak English at home and 5.2% speak Native American languages. Spanish speakers make up 2.9% of the population, followed by Tagalog speakers at 1.5% and Korean at 0.8%.[edit]
Religion
Christian – 81%
Protestant – 68%
Baptist – 11%
Lutheran – 8%
Methodist – 6%
Pentecostal – 2%
Episcopal – 1%
Quaker – 1%
Orthodox – 8%
Catholic – 7%
Mormon – 1%
Other religions – 1%
Not religious/agnostic – 17%
Notable is Alaska's relatively large Eastern Orthodox Christian population, a result of early Russian colonization and missionary work among indigenous Alaskans.[edit]
Social issues
Alaska has long had a problem with "brain drain" as many of its young people, including most of the highest academic achievers, leave the state upon graduating high school. The state has been successfully combating this by offering 4 year scholarships to the top 10 percent of Alaska high school graduates.[edit]
Notable Alaskans
The National Statuary Hall of the United States of America is part of the Capitol in Washington DC. Each state has selected one or two distinguished citizens and provided statues. Alaska's are of its first two senators:Edward Lewis "Bob" Bartlett (1904–1968) was the territorial delegate to the US Congress from 1944 to 1958, and was elected as the first senior US senator in 1958 and re-elected in 1964. There are streets, buildings, and even the first state ferry, named for him.
Ernest Gruening (1886–1974) was appointed Governor of the Territory of Alaska in 1939, and served in that position for fourteen years. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1958 and re-elected in 1962.
Jay Hammond (1922–2005) was Governor during the building of the Alaska Pipeline and established the Alaska Permanent Fund, providing Alaskans with essentially free money. He is regarded as somewhat of a hero because of this. He also governor during passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act and effectively served to moderate associated issues within the state among disparate interest groups ranging from conservationists to natives to pro-development interests.
Fran Ulmer was the first woman elected to statewide office—she became Lieutenant Governor in 1994.
Republican Lisa Murkowski was appointed as a U.S. Senator, by her father, Governor Frank Murkowski a long time U.S. Senator, to fill his Senate term, vacated in 2002. She won her first election in 2004 in a close and expensive Senate race with former Governor Democrat Tony Knowles, who had served 8 years as Governor and many years as the mayor of Anchorage prior.
George Sharrock (1910–2005) moved to the territory before statehood, eventually elected as the mayor of Anchorage and served during the Good Friday Earthquake in March 1964. This was the most devastating earthquake to hit Alaska and it sunk beach property, damaged roads and destroyed buildings all over the south central area. Sharrock, sometimes called the "earthquake mayor," led the city's rebuilding effort over six months.
[edit]
Books about Alaska
The T. Coraghessan Boyle novel Drop City (2003, ISBN 0670031720) tells the story of a group of Hippies who relocate to Alaska.Marcia Simpson (d. 2003) has written three books which describe what it is like to live in a small coastal community in Alaska: Rogue's Yarn (2003, ISBN 0425191982), Crow in Stolen Colors (2000, ISBN 1890208361) and Sound Tracks (2001, ISBN 1890208728).James Michener wrote Alaska.Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer is the true story of Christopher McCandless, a college graduate and top student, who donated his entire $24,000 savings account to charity and moved into the Alaskan wilderness. 1997, ISBN 0385486804Bob Cherry has written two books, "Spirit of the Raven: An Alaskan Novel" (ISBN 0966543068) and "inua" (ISBN 0966543017). "Spirit of the Raven" is set during Alaska's territorial days and examines the interactions of a culturally diverse group of characters brought together by a murder. "inua" is set after Alaskan statehood and again examines the intersection of cultures and the impact on the traditional Native Alaskan family.Gore Vidal based his first novel, Williwaw, on his military experiences in the Alaskan Harbor Detachment."Johnny's Girl" by Kim Rich, a memoir by the daughter of a 1960s Anchorage mobster and a former stripper. Made into a TV movie. Insightful look into a different side of Anchorage in the 1960s and 1970s. 1999 paperback, ISBN 0882405241[edit]
Important cities and towns
Alaska's most populous city is Anchorage, home of 260,284 people, 225,744 of whom live in the urbanized area. It ranks third in the List of U.S. cities by area, behind two other Alaskan cities. Sitka ranks as America's largest city by area, followed closely by Juneau.Cities of 100,000 or more peopleAnchorage
Towns of 10,000-100,000 peopleFairbanks
Juneau

Towns of fewer than 10,000 peopleWasilla
Kodiak
Ketchikan
Ester
Sitka
Palmer
Bethel
Barrow
Kenai
Soldotna
Unalaska
Kotzebue
Nome
Petersburg
Homer
Dillingham
Valdez
Seward
Glennallen
Circle

[edit]
25 richest places in Alaska
Ranked by per capita income:1. Halibut Cove, Alaska $89,8952. Chicken, Alaska $65,4003. Edna Bay, Alaska $58,9674. Sunrise, Alaska $56,0005. Lowell Point, Alaska $45,7906. Petersville, Alaska $43,2007. Coldfoot, Alaska $42,6208. Port Clarence, Alaska $35,2869. Hobart Bay, Alaska $34,900
10. Red Dog Mine, Alaska $34,34811. Adak, Alaska $31,74712. Meyers Chuck, Alaska $31,66013. Pelican, Alaska $29,34714. Ester, Alaska $29,15515. Chignik Lagoon, Alaska $28,94116. Four Mile Road, Alaska $28,46517. Healy, Alaska $28,22518. Moose Pass, Alaska $28,147
19. Cube Cove, Alaska $27,92020. Womens Bay, Alaska $27,74621. Skagway, Alaska $27,70022. Nelson Lagoon, Alaska $27,59623. Valdez, Alaska $27,34124. McKinley Park, Alaska $27,25525. Attu Station, Alaska $26,964
See also: Richest Places in Alaska

[edit]
Colleges and universities
University of Alaska System
University of Alaska Anchorage
University of Alaska Fairbanks
University of Alaska Southeast
Alaska Bible College
Alaska Pacific University
Charter College
Ilisagvik College
Sheldon Jackson College
[edit]
External links
Wikimedia Commons has more media related to:
AlaskaWikicities has a wiki about Alaska: Alaska
State of Alaska website
US Census Bureau
Alaska Information
Alaska Travel Industry Association
Anchorage Daily News
Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation
Alaska Fishing Information
Photos of Alaska - Terra Galleria
Alaska Newspapers
[edit]
Political parties
Alaska Republican Party
Alaska Democrat Party
Alaska Republican Moderate Party
Alaskan Independence Party
Alaska Libertarian Party
Alaska Green Party

State of Alaska